Calculator – Free Online Calculators
- Mortgage Calculator
- Loan Calculator
- Auto Loan Calculator
- Interest Calculator
- Payment Calculator
- Retirement Calculator
- Amortization Calculator
- Investment Calculator
- Inflation Calculator
- Finance Calculator
- Income Tax Calculator
- Compound Interest Calculator
- Salary Calculator
- Interest Rate Calculator
- Sales Tax Calculator
- BMI Calculator
- Calorie Calculator
- Body Fat Calculator
- BMR Calculator
- Ideal Weight Calculator
- Pace Calculator
- Pregnancy Calculator
- Pregnancy Conception Calculator
- Due Date Calculator
- Scientific Calculator
- Fraction Calculator
- Percentage Calculator
- Random Number Generator
- Percent Error Calculator
- Triangle Calculator
- Standard Deviation Calculator
- Exponent Calculator
- Binary Calculator
- Hex Calculator
- Half-Life Calculator
- Quadratic Formula Calculator
- Log Calculator (Logarithm)
- Ratio Calculator
- Root Calculator
- Least Common Multiple Calculator
- Greatest Common Factor Calculator
- Factor Calculator
- Rounding Calculator
- Matrix Calculator
- Scientific Notation Calculator
- Big Number Calculator
- Age Calculator
- Date Calculator
- Time Calculator
- Hours Calculator
- GPA Calculator
- Grade Calculator
- Concrete Calculator
- Subnet Calculator
- Password Generator
- Conversion Calculator
- Mortgage Calculator
- Amortization Calculator
- Mortgage Payoff Calculator
- House Affordability Calculator
- Rent Calculator
- Debt-to-Income Ratio Calculator
- Real Estate Calculator
- Refinance Calculator
- Rental Property Calculator
- APR Calculator
- FHA Loan Calculator
- VA Mortgage Calculator
- Down Payment Calculator
- Rent vs. Buy Calculator
Weight and Mass Converter
- Convert Quarter (US) to Kilogram
- Convert Kilogram to Quarter (US)
- Convert Quarter (UK) to Kilogram
- Convert Kilogram to Quarter (UK)
- Convert Stone (US) to Kilogram
- Convert Kilogram to Stone (US)
- Convert Stone (UK) to Kilogram
- Convert Kilogram to Pound
- Convert Kilogram to Kip
- Convert Slug to Kilogram
- Convert Kilogram to Slug
- Convert Pound-force Square Second/foot to Kilogram
- Convert Kilogram to Pound-force Square Second/foot
- Convert Pound to Kilogram
- Convert Kip to Kilogram
- Convert Kilogram to Kilopound
- Convert Picogram to Kilogram
- Convert Kilogram to Picogram
- Convert Femtogram to Kilogram
- Convert Kilogram to Femtogram
- Convert Attogram to Kilogram
- Convert Kilogram to Attogram
- Convert Dalton to Kilogram
- Convert Kilogram to Dalton
- Convert Kilogram-force Square Second/meter to Kilogram
- Convert Kilogram to Kilogram-force Square Second/meter
- Convert Kilopound to Kilogram
- Convert Kilogram to Nanogram
- Convert Hectogram to Kilogram
- Convert Kilogram to Hectogram
In today’s digital age, calculators are ubiquitous tools used in various fields, from education and finance to science and engineering. However, their journey began thousands of years ago with simple counting devices like the abacus. In this comprehensive guide, we’ll delve into the fascinating history and evolution of calculators, exploring their development, uses, and impact on society.
Calculator Use
This calculator functions akin to a small handheld device with memory features, facilitating basic mathematical operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. Additionally, it includes functions for square roots, percentages, pi, exponents, powers, and rounding. Below, we elaborate on performing recurring operations, utilizing higher powers and roots, managing memory, and employing clear functions for this standard calculator.
Control Options
You can operate the calculator using a mouse, keyboard, number pad, or touch, depending on device compatibility.
Functions on the Calculator
- ÷ Division
- × Multiplication
- Addition
- − Subtraction
- = Calculate
- +/- Toggles the positive/negative sign of the displayed number
- mc Memory clear
- mr Memory recall
- m- Memory minus
- m+ Memory plus
- CE Clear entry
- AC All clear
- √x Square root
- % Percentage
- π pi = 3.1415926536
- xy Exponent
- R2 Round to 2 decimals (cents)
- R0 Round to 0 decimals (dollars)
Input and Output Handling
- Delete/backspace key erases one character from the right
- Using a keyboard, backspace with the delete button
- On a touchscreen device, tap into the display, then use the virtual keyboard delete button
- To copy results, highlight the display window contents and copy to the clipboard
How to Use Basic Calculator Operations
Explore example calculations using the Basic Calculator. Follow the steps to input numbers and symbols, and perform calculations with operator buttons. Examples illustrate simple math and percentage calculations, as well as present and future value calculations.
Addition and Subtraction
Perform calculations as follows:
Calculation: Steps
- 3 + 5 = 8
- 7 – 9 = -2
- 3 + (-5) = -2
- (-7) – 9 = -16
- 7.3 + 12.25 – 10.75 = 8.8
Multiplication and Division
Perform calculations as follows:
Calculation: Steps
- 13 × 3 × 2 = 78
- 25 ÷ 2 = 12.5
- 8.35 × 17.25 ÷ 10.16 = 814.176919291
Repeating Operations
Perform calculations as follows:
Calculation: Steps
- 3 + 5 + 5 + 5 = 18
- 3 + 3 + 3 = 9
- 7 – 3 – 3 – 3 – 3 = -5
- 5 × 2 × 2 × 2 = 40
- 26 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 = 64
- 2^2^2^2^2 = 65,536
For all the above, if a second operand isn’t entered, the first operand will be repeated.
Memory Button Actions
- mc: Memory clear
- mr: Memory recall
- m-: Memory minus
- m+: Memory plus
Memory Functions
Perform calculations as follows:
Calculation: Steps
- 7 + 8 + 9 – 15 = 9
- 15 + 25 = 40
- plus π42 = 50.2654824576
- plus 12 × 6 = 72
- = 162.26548246
Roots, Exponents, and Power Functions
Perform calculations as follows:
Calculation: Steps
- √36 = 6
- 62 = 36
- or 6 × =
- 65 = 7,776
- or 6 × = = = =
- 5√7,776 = 7,7761/5 = 6
- 6-3 = 1/63 = 0.00462962963
- or 6 xy 3 = ÷ = =
Order of Operations
Enter your calculation in the given order of execution, considering parentheses and PEMDAS priority.
Additional Operations
Perform calculations as follows:
Calculation: Steps
- 1/x: Reciprocal or multiplicative inverse of x or, x-1
- A = πr2: Area of a circle
- V = (4/3)πr3: Volume of a sphere
- PV = FV /(1+i)n: Present value (PV) of a future value (FV) at interest rate (i) for a number of years (n)
- FV = PV(1+i)n: Future value (FV) of a present value (PV) at interest rate (i) for a number of years (n)
Percentage Operations
Perform calculations as follows:
Calculation: Steps
- 12 plus 10% is ?
- 10 minus 10% is ?
- 10% of 15 is ?
- 15 is 10% of ?
Advanced Percentage Calculations
Perform calculations as follows:
Calculation: Steps
- List price + sales tax = final price
- List price – discount = sale price
Correcting Mistakes
Perform calculations as follows:
Calculation: Steps
- 3 + 5 = 8
- 12 × 2 = 24
- 7.329 + 4.755 = 12.084
- 5 × 6 = 30
- 15 + 10 = 25
The Early Beginnings: Abacus and Counting Boards
The earliest known calculator, the abacus, dates back to ancient civilizations such as the Sumerians and the Chinese. Consisting of beads or stones arranged on rods, the abacus allowed users to perform basic arithmetic operations through manual manipulation. Similarly, counting boards, such as the Roman abacus, were used in ancient Rome for calculations.
Mechanical Calculators: The Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution saw the emergence of mechanical calculators, marking a significant advancement in computing technology. Inventors like Blaise Pascal and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz developed mechanical devices capable of performing addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division with greater speed and accuracy than manual methods.
The Advent of Electronic Calculators
The mid-20th century witnessed the rise of electronic calculators, powered by vacuum tubes and later transistors. Innovations such as the Curta calculator and the Anita calculator paved the way for compact, portable electronic devices that revolutionized computation in both professional and personal settings.
The Digital Revolution: Handheld and Desktop Calculators
The 1970s and 1980s marked the advent of handheld and desktop calculators, featuring integrated circuits and liquid crystal displays (LCDs). Companies like Hewlett-Packard, Texas Instruments, and Casio introduced a wide range of calculators with advanced functions, programmability, and user-friendly interfaces, catering to diverse user needs.
Graphing Calculators: Educational Tools
Graphing calculators emerged as essential tools for students and professionals in mathematics, science, and engineering. Devices like the TI-83 and TI-84 series from Texas Instruments offered graphing capabilities, equation solving, and programmability, enabling users to visualize mathematical concepts and solve complex problems.
Modern Digital Calculators: Software and Apps
In the digital age, calculators have transcended hardware devices to become software applications and mobile apps. From basic arithmetic calculators to specialized scientific and financial calculators, a plethora of digital tools are available across various platforms, providing convenience and flexibility for users worldwide.
Types of Calculators and Their Uses
Basic Calculators
Basic calculators perform fundamental arithmetic operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. They are commonly used for everyday calculations in homes, offices, and classrooms.
Scientific Calculators
Scientific calculators offer advanced functions for complex mathematical calculations, including trigonometry, logarithms, and statistical analysis. They are indispensable tools for students, scientists, and engineers.
Financial Calculators
Financial calculators are specialized tools designed for financial planning, investment analysis, and business calculations. They can calculate loan payments, interest rates, and investment returns, aiding professionals in finance and accounting.
Graphing Calculators
Graphing calculators plot graphs of mathematical functions and equations, allowing users to visualize data and analyze mathematical relationships. They are widely used in education for teaching and learning mathematics and science.
Conclusion
From ancient abacuses to modern digital calculators, the evolution of computation has been a testament to human ingenuity and innovation. Calculators have transformed the way we perform calculations, enhancing efficiency, accuracy, and productivity across various domains. As technology continues to advance, the future of calculators promises even greater capabilities and possibilities, shaping the way we interact with numbers and solve problems in the digital age.